![]() Early types of engineered tissues used specific cell types as a source for populating scaffolds, such as smooth muscle cells, which are known to rapidly proliferate. In engineered tissues, the intrinsic characteristics of cells, such as proliferation, organization and distribution, cell-cell and cell-substrate interactions, and formation of extracellular matrix (ECM), combine in complex ways to make a viable tissue replacement. Engineered tissues including skin, muscle, bone, cornea, neurons, cartilage, and vessels, among others, have found feasible applications. Engineered tissues have the potential to organize and regenerate tissue, and eventually replace the tissues and organs that have failed or have been damaged. Tissue engineering is an established field and a hopeful solution which has attracted considerable interest for both clinical applications and basic scientific and technological research. These medical treatments have improved human health greatly, but are limited by factors such as availability of transplant organs and tissues, risk of transplant rejection, and the potential need for lifetime immunosuppression, with its many associated risks. Transplantation and autologous grafting are techniques used to replace failed organs or damaged tissues. From these results, OCT demonstrates great promise for imaging and visualizing engineered tissues, and the complex cellular dynamics that directly affect their practical and clinical use. Optical techniques that image functional parameters or integrate multiple imaging modalities to provide complementary contrast mechanisms have been developed, such as the integration of optical coherence microscopy with multiphoton microscopy to image structural and functional information from cells in engineered tissue, optical coherence elastography to generate images or maps of strain to reflect the spatially-dependent biomechanical properties, and spectroscopic OCT to differentiate different cell types. Structural OCT has been used to investigate the longitudinal development of engineered tissues and cell dynamics such as migration, proliferation, detachment, and cell-material interactions. Optical coherence tomography (OCT), as an emerging imaging technology applied to biological materials, offers a number of significant advantages to visualize these changes. As the field of tissue engineering evolves, there will be an increasingly important need to visualize and track the complex dynamic changes that occur within three-dimensional constructs.
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